Financial Shenanigans: How to Detect Accounting Gimmicks & Fraud in Financial Reports, Second Edition

Inflated profits . . . Suspicious write-offs . . . Shifted expenses . . . These and other dubious financial maneuvers have taken on a contemporary twist as companies pull out the stops in seeking to satisfy Wall Street. Financial Shenanigans pulls back the curtain on the current climate of accounting fraud. It presents tools that anyone who is potentially affected by misleading business valuations­­from investors and lenders to managers and auditors­­can use to research and read financial reports, and to identify early warning signs of a company's problems. A bestseller in its first edition, Financial Shenanigans has been thoroughly updated for today's marketplace. New chapters, data, and research reveal contemporary "shenanigans" that have been known to fool even veteran researchers.

I think this book is most appropriate for investors who manage their own portfolios and spend serious time investing in (or shorting) stocks. It is not for those whose primary investment vehicles are 401(k) accounts or mutual funds and who casually buy a stock or two just to keep life interesting. Shenanigans is a good next step to investing in stocks after you have worked through the basic principles espoused in texts such as Peter Lynch's "One Up on Wall Street" or one of the Buffett books. As an investment professional, I can attest to the validity of the tools taught in this book, and I wholeheartedly recommend it to those investors who are serious about building - and protecting - their investments in the stock market.


Great Book For Learning About Financial Trickery   February 27, 2002
Peter Hupalo (MN United States)
38 out of 39 found this review helpful

"Financial Shenanigans: How To Detect Accounting Gimmicks & Fraud In Financial Reports" by Howard M. Schilit should be read by all serious, long-term, stock investors.

Schilit writes: "Financial shenanigans are actions or omissions intended to hide or distort the real financial performance or financial condition of an entity. They range from minor deceptions (such as failing to clearly segregate operating from nonoperating gains and losses) to more serious misapplications of accounting principles (such as failing to write off worthless assets; they also include fraudulent behavior, such as the recording of fictitious revenue to overstate the real financial performance). Since management is clever about hiding its tricks, investors and others must be alert for signs of shenanigans."

Schilit goes on to discuss a wide range of financial shenanigans which devalue the investment worth of a company. The shenanigans range from "recording revenue when important uncertainties exist" to "failing to accrue expected or contingent liabilities."

Each financial shenanigan is discussed in detail, and a real-world example of a public company affected by the shenanigan is given. Stock-versus-price charts are also given to show the stock-price behavior of the company's stock following the disclosure of the shenanigan (usually the stock price drops like a rock after accounting trickery is discovered).

For example, Tie Communications stock fell from a high of $40.38 per share in 1983 (five years after going IPO) to a low of $0.31 per share by 1990. The 1983 stated profits of the company were "given a shot in the arm by the sale of some investments at a substantial gain...." Schilit goes on to explain that some companies use the sale of appreciated assets to hide losses from normal business operations and make the company appear more profitable than it really is.

"Financial Shenanigans: How To Detect Accounting Gimmicks & Fraud In Financial Reports" is very easy to read, unlike many books which deal with the topic of accounting. Investors will read through this book rather quickly and that is a tribute to Schilit's writing. Yet, most investors will learn a great deal about financial reporting. Most importantly, readers will learn how to protect themselves as investors.

In addition to shenanigan busting, Schilit gives an excellent tutorial to help readers understand the basics of financial reporting and accounting. Plus, he does an excellent job of pointing out the logic of sound financial reporting.

For example, Schilit writes various "guiding principles" throughout the book to help the reader, such as "Guiding Principle: An enterprise should capitalize costs incurred that produce a future benefit and expense those that produce no such benefit."

Schilit explains that capitalizing costs which have no future benefit is one way to enhance current earnings at the expense of future earnings. Shilit discusses De Laurentiis Entertainment, a producer and distributor of motion pictures, as an example. In 1987, the SEC charged Laurentiis Entertainment with improperly capitalizing expenses which should have been charged against current earnings. Schilit's stock chart shows that shares of DEG fell from a high of $19.25 in 1986 to a low of $0.06 in 1989.

Serious, long-term investors don't want to hold stock in companies such as De Laurentiis Entertainment in 1987 and Tie Communications in 1983. Schilit gives a list of fifty-two techniques to help the investor spot financial shenanigans in advance when evaluating a company for investment.

These techniques range from looking for management incentives which encourage false reporting, to not being fooled by profits enhanced by retiring debt, to watching for worthless investments the company is making. Examining these factors together should help the investor evaluate the overall honesty and viability of the company long-term. The investor will gain insight as to whether the company is being conservative in its accounting or being too aggressive in its accounting.

I highly recommend "Financial Shenanigans" to all investors who buy individual stocks and who focus upon buying solid businesses. The book will help weed out the businesses which are only reporting "accounting" profits for the temporary benefit of management.

Peter Hupalo, Author of "Becoming An Investor"


CREATIVE ACCOUNTING 101   May 30, 2002
dennis wentraub (schenectady, new york USA)
15 out of 16 found this review helpful

FINANCIAL SHENNANIGANS How to Detect Accounting Gimmicks & Fraud in Financial Reports 2nd Edition - Howard Schilit

Former SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt once noted that the investment markets exist through the "grace" of investors. That grace is a fragile trust easily undermined by intentional distortions of the financial performance of publicly reporting companies. Those distortions that erode investor confidence are author Howard Schilit's 'Shenanigans'. The infractions described range from benign to aggressive to outright fraudulent and Schilit is always ready with the specifics of companies who have demonstrated an excess of creativity in their arithmetic. It should be said that the information in this book is very accessible to the non-accountant. This is an illuminating read. A brief accounting tutorial in the Appendix is almost worth the price of admission. Serious investors should read this book. The "seven financial shenanigans" Schilit discusses at length are painfully familiar to portfolio owners. They are clearly explained and amply exampled. Reading this book may or may not provide an investor with the expertise to prevent a future mistake, but it will certainly add to an appreciation of the seriousness of issues as they surface in the financial media.


An easy to read accounting book? Somehow it's true!   May 31, 2004
therosen (New York, NY United States)
12 out of 13 found this review helpful

This accounting book covers everything we wished we learned in our introductory accounting class, namely "How do we know if the managers are lying to us?"

In a very easy to read format, the book groups accounting tricks into seven major accounting shennanigans and then cross-references them to a variety of accounting scandals. In the end, you're left with a deeper understanding of the major ways people can manipulate financial statements for their own game.


This is a surprising interesting book given how dull most accounting texts are. It's appropriate for novice investors and accounting students as well as more advanced accountants. The book practically reads itself.


Useful framework for analysis   June 2, 2004
dean_from_sa (Plano,TX)
8 out of 8 found this review helpful

This book was updated on the heels of the WCOM and ENE scandals. There are many interesting techniques available for the researcher here. It requires a meticulous person to properly apply these techniques. However, the average person with a limited number of holdings might do very well with applying these techniques to their portfolio. See the table of contents for a listing of the 7 "financial shenanigans".

Some of the items on Schilit's governance wish list are dealt with by the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation. This will do away with much of management's self-dealing and sleight of hand when presenting pro forma earnings. Some of the "shenanigans" have been dealt with FASB promulgations so there are less of an issue.

Schilit is too harsh on the FASB over the failure to expense stock based compensation the first time it was considered. The forces that oppose the FASB n that issue generated a considerable political threat to FASB's existence in Washington. FASB backed down was preserved and we are all the better for it. FASB is addressing this issue in an exposure draft and it appears likely that it will move forward this time despite the same forces trotting out the same vacuous arguments a second time. Schilit should have given better context with his critique of the FASB.

I remember seeing a piece in Grant's interest rate observer (a newsletter) about a presentation by Trevor Harris (an accounting expert employed by a bulge bracket firm). The article stated that hedge fund managers treated Harris like a rock star, because they needed to learn how to analyze the names in their portfolios better. Harris was simply presenting topics much like are found in this book.

In this book you will learn about many of the manipulations that have been used in the past by companies. Schilit uses the "case" method of teaching. The examples almost all have a real life demonstration of how the trick manifested itself.

At times, the book reads like an advertisement for Schilit's CFRA subscription service. There are 13 such references in the index. I guess this is to be expected, but is still a distraction in an otherwise fine book.